Friday, December 3, 2021

Freely Traveling (without Getting in a Pickle)

 

Do you know who your sheriff is? How about the county (or city) chief of police? You may wish to make an appointment and visit them. Why?

If you are an American State National or Citizen, then it may behoove you to get to know them — and for them to get to know you. We Marylanders, who believe in our own people power, who participate in the “arduous task of self-government,” need to be forthright about our status and our actions.

One basic, constitutionally guaranteed right is the ability to freely travel upon our public roads. The Maryland Assembly, constituted according to the guidelines as provided through the research of Anna Maria Riezinger (aka Anna von Reitz), has developed what we call our Travel Notice. This is a multi-page document that we keep in our private conveyances as we travel about.

That document is designed to be presented to law enforcement officers (LEOs) at so-called “traffic stops.” That is, for being pulled over for some perceived infraction of the State of Maryland Vehicle Code. As nationals, and not U.S. citizens, we are foreign men and women who are not subject to their statutes. We have all executed and duly recorded our status. This action has been undertaken to establish ourselves and our foreign nationality. So the nuts and bolts of our travel should not come as a shock to law enforcement officials.

We have undertaken to provide written notice of who we are and what our intentions are as private nationals engaged in private, non-commercial travel. That notice has been mailed to all of the sheriffs within Maryland (and notice is also being sent to county and city police chiefs). Still, a personal, face-to-face visit is a way of being sure that we pose no threat or harm, and it doesn’t hurt to establish a certain familiarity with those tasked with ensuring that public safety and welfare is maintained on our roads.

When one is stopped by a LEO it is easy to become nervous and befuddled. After all, we have been raised in an environment of meek deference to authority, wherein LEOs are trained to be tough and intimidating to those they perceive are “lawbreakers.” Thus it is easy to lose one’s self-confidence and speak without thinking. One’s words must be carefully chosen so as not to accidentally “cede one’s jurisdiction.”

The first thing to know is that when an officer asks for your license and registration, he or she is making an offer to contract. American State Nationals and Citizens are trained to respond by saying, “I must respectfully decline your offer to contract. However, I am willing, on my own accord, to produce documents that establish my identity and right to travel freely.”

But hold that thought. Many of us freeze up in tense and intimidating situations. Thus the Travel Notice is designed to allow a traveler to simply present his- or herself without uttering a word. After all, this is a prime example wherein we must invoke our 5th Amendment privilege against self-incrimination — and that can happen easily if and when we volunteer information that can be twisted (by “word magic”) against our penal interest.

And so, to play it safe, we are advised to simply and silently offer our Travel Notice. That Notice is made available to all Marylanders who are American State Nationals or Citizens by The Maryland Assembly. The fee is $15 plus a recording fee.

The complete Travel Notice consists of the following: 

1.  a short statement that essentially explains that we would rather remain silent, under advice of counsel;

2.  a one-page picture ID Notice that explains who we are, our foreign status, and the consequences of violating our right to freely travel;

3.  next is a Special Note to Law Enforcement meant to empathize with the officer, and to explain our motivations and intentions;

4.  then there is a two-page Notice to All LEOs, Supervisors and Commanders, which invokes our constitutional protections and informs them, in no uncertain terms, that we are not under their jurisdiction concerning any perceived infraction of a so-called “victimless crime”;

5.  this is followed by three-pages of cited United States Supreme Court cases establishing that Freely Traveling Upon Public Roads is a Constitutionally Guaranteed Right; that a Constitutionally Guaranteed Right Cannot be Converted into a Crime; and that Without Willful Intent to Violate the Law There is No Crime;

6.  Finally there is a one-page recitation of two Federal Code sections: 18 U.S. Code § 241 - Conspiracy against rights. and 18 U.S. Code § 242 - Deprivation of rights under color of law, both of which are meant to dissuade the officer from any attempt to detain, arrest, or issue a citation in the event there is any remaining doubt as to that officer's proper course of conduct.

The Travel Notice is presented, along with our scannable credential card. The credential card enables the officer to verify who we are and examine the documents that establish our foreign national status.

By interfacing early with sheriffs and police chiefs and presenting our Travel Notice to them for their pre-inspection, we hope we are able to defuse “situations” that might otherwise easily develop at traffic stops. Our intention is to abide by the “rules of the road” and to be safe and considerate of others when traveling upon the public roads. If any of us abuse that protocol then those who do so should be ready to take responsibility.

But we do have good faith in how we are proceeding as we travel. We are adamant in believing that victimless “crimes,” that is, where no other person has incurred an injury to his or her person or personal property as the proximate cause of our travelling — such “crimes,” (any "violation" of the so-called motor vehicle code) are no crimes at all. That is what our common law informs us. And we live by the golden rule as embodied therein.

And so let it be known: that a constitutionally protected right cannot be converted into a privilege that then is licensed by the state. This mainly includes drivers licenses, tags, and registration. Come join us and rid yourself of the hassle, expense, and botheration of travel enslavement as conceived by the corporate State of Maryland. Join The Maryland Assembly as an American State National or Citizen and start living and traveling upon the land and soil jurisdiction as a responsible member of those committed to being free within a reconstructed constitutional republic. Rid yourself of the corporate service provider masquerading as a legitimate government and to kow-towing to their policy security enforcers.

It is our hope that, over time, law enforcement officials will come to realize their real and proper status. Sheriffs, especially, should be protecting the Constitution by shielding the people from any and all unlawful encroachments within the physical boundaries of their county or city jurisdictions; and police can start seeing their jobs more as officers of the peace. Rather than being primarily enforcers of “state policy” that protects the corporate service provider, they might seek to extend equal protection to the people, affording them the respect and dignity to which they are entitled as flesh and blood men, women and children. At the very least they should not interfere with our ability to travel freely. In this way, empathy with our cause might turn into solidarity, as in becoming one of us free Marylanders unbeholden to impositions by the corporate nanny state.

Sunday, November 28, 2021

The Blood of Scots

Have a listen:

Neil Oliver on the Importance of Freedom to Prosperity at the 2021 Legatum Prosperity Index

Noble words from a fine Scotsman — and true enough.

Still, where are the William Wallaces of the world, as portrayed in the 1995 film Braveheart? Here’s the scene where Wallace discovers the two-faced Robert the Bruce.

The William Wallaces, if indeed, they rise up (against all the odds), are generally "blunted" along the way by the same old tricks. And if those tricks don't work they inevitably get sold-out by those who treasure comfort, safety and security above all else, viz., their freedom, their souls and the partaking of universal Spirit be damned. (Is it too much to ask for a little peace or have a life? to raise a family? Well, for sure, the Brits' Tavistock Institute and its proxies destroyed that natural urge for the baby boomer generation, just as they did, relatively-speaking, for that of William Wallace — and their covert "damnable dabbling control" of North America persists.)

It's true that "happiness is a by-product of living a moral life," as our Scottish speaker quotes at the outset of his short lecture. And yet it is that sifting through what "moral" means and how it is determined that matters. Unfortunately for many, that sifting search takes a whole life.

May I recommend any finely made single malt Scotch for those "difficult times" when the usual strategies of life come up short? And for those "especially difficult moments," the Scotch I put my money on is Macallan. Unfortunately the 18-year old and older are now way too much for us knowledgeable and truly discriminating lads who know their Scottish whiskeys.

Stay mildly entertained, too, in these days of humor-loss. Here's a noted masterpiece from 1972 when the turning of the screw began getting ever tighter => The Ruling Class

Yes, Peter O’Toole was an old hand at his craft. He reminisces here about the making of Lawrence of Arabia (more to file in the galvanized pressure cooker).   

There’s a deeper, “techo-something” afoot here, however. With the coming of the invention of gunpowder, the firearm, and various bombs and missiles, men under arms no longer squarely faced one another in mortal combat. The true test of courage was, in that sense, blunted. Oh the dead bodies continue to pile up, but buffered by the mediation of instrumentalities; death is not wielded by hand in hand-to-hand combat anymore. Before long it was the bullets and bomb fragments doing the flesh-parting (or incineration). Not so, in the days of the legendary William Wallace.

And now we have 5G induced bio-terror and cyber warfare, along with a host of diabolic weaponry, some even satellite-assisted. For just a sampling go here.   

All this to say, man-to-man kinetic warfare may seem obsolete in a lot of ways. But Scottish blood has not been spilled in vain. As long as it is the blood of free men and women standing up for their life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness it is worthwhile. Moral strength feeds positive spiritual karma. Just as brains let loose fine words, brains plus brawn will always play an integral part in a righteous people’s overt struggles against the prince of this world. Bodies remain bodies, subject to being thwarted and destroyed, along with the Luciferian infestation within.

The proud Scots stand tall in our Western tradition. The spirit of their brave souls remains to rise again and nudge the forthrightness of liberty again, as we all fight the good fight. Demons and tyrants beware! 

Tuesday, November 16, 2021

The Maryland Assembly ASNs


We American State Nationals (ASNs) don’t want to be any trouble or anything. But we’re a headstrong lot. We believe in the old-fashioned notions that the patriots before us believed in: that God is revealed to us through the divinely-inspired Word of God, the Holy Bible; that from that mighty Book come ways of handling our disputes and settling trouble among us. That, indeed, is the source of and what came to be known as the common law — the original law upon which America was founded. 

Ours is a judicial system that is dominated by the jury and their incredible power of jury nullification of any and all so-called laws that run counter to our natural rights. Over time, our country has slowly lost that great foundation in the common law so that courtrooms are now run like fiefdoms of corrupt judges who only do the bidding of their corporate masters.

The common law was first gleaned in England by those stalwart men who banded together to confront old King John and forced him to sign the Magna Carta. Essentially they demanded from him that he recognize those unalienable rights endowed by the Creator — those inherently noble rights inhering not just in them but in all men; that as men they needed to be accorded the respect of their “uppers,” those of noble blood who ruled with an iron fist; whosoever forgot that the power they were accorded was a sacred trust to be used for the betterment of all are the unlawful among us. Yet these brave men of which I speak stood for the people; they stood for the helping hand of Christ’s love and His forgiving nature, the Savior who modeled for all mankind just how we should comport ourselves among others in order that we may live by the Golden Rule.

And when our forefathers came to America that common law got a uniquely American flavor. It became ever more infused with the cherishing of life, of liberty, of the holding of private property wherein we might pursue our own notions of happiness. It is an individualism tempered by not trespassing on rights of others and encouraging others not to trespass upon us. And this, in short, is what Americans are rediscovering more and more as the tempest of time has whipped down on humanity over the past centuries since we founded this great nation. It is this surety of knowledge in the best practices of self-rule that American State Nationals have rediscovered.

There has been a slow and steady moral rot here in our country (and in the world). Patriots across this land began dissembling this intricate web of deceit that holds many of our countrymen in its grip; we came to the realization that we needed to expatriate from that Behemoth which had replaced our natural liberties. American State Nationals have cut through the misdirection and ignorance, the mind control and conditioning that have led us to forget our real selves as Americans. At the same time we knew that we must take much more seriously the responsibilities that come with the more arduous task of self-governing ourselves.

That is who we are: men and women who have begun to band together in defense of our real identity; who reject the the legalistic word-play of those who wish to lord over us, steeped as it is the "science of grammatical fraud"; who refer to us (with our names in ALL CAPITAL LETTERS) as “U.S. citizens,” which is their coded reference to us as their slaves. It is similar to how they have redefined “income” in the tax code so as to reach deep down into our pockets to steal the fruits of our hard-earned labor; of how they have taken over the printing of real money, replacing it with debt instruments called Federal Reserve Notes; who have captured the branches of government via bribes and blackmail, and done likewise with the legal and medical professions; who have also captured our media and now censor our free speech so that the people are not able to weigh all facts and points of view but rather are trained like farm animules to accept only their addled narrative.

We deciphered the various jurisdictions of L.A.W. — those of Land, Air and Water, attributed respectively to the People, the Vatican, and the System in the West that spread throughout the globe and has been preserved by that last mighty empire to dominate the Earth, the British Empire. The aforementioned last two entities, the Vatican and the mercantile British System—it is they who perceive We the People as mere chattel, property to be managed and controlled. We reject their poisonous indignities and the enslavement they have foisted onto us. Instead we have come back to the realization of our true nature as free men and women on the land and soil.

The American State Assemblies are composed of 50 unincorporated land and soil jurisdiction State Assemblies. We are private, peaceful, non-combatant civilians, the members of which are native to the States of this Country. The Maryland Assembly is among them. American State Nationals have repatriated themselves as Marylanders under the people’s Assembly. So we are actually a foreign state, separate and apart from the false, incorporated “State of Maryland” government fiction.

You need to know that everywhere in this Country, sons and daughters of America have awakened. As we have remembered who we are, our ranks are swelling. The number of living men and women on the land and soil of Maryland State continues to grow throughout the Counties, in Baltimore City, and also includes the land under original jurisdiction, upon which the foreign territory known as the District of Columbia now sits.

Accordingly, we have corrected our status by expatriating ourselves from the corporatized government beast and have properly repatriated ourselves. We are the people and we do not cede our sovereignty to the agencies that we created to serve us. Therefore, we are the only ones who have the proper status, standing, and jurisdiction to reconstruct America’s Civilian Government upon its original foundation, free from both domestic tyranny and foreign interference, and unfettered by powerful corporate manipulations.

That is, neither do we stand in awe of private subcontractors, such as Blackrock, Vanguard, and State Street, who sit on all the boards of major corporations; we refuse to be docile to those who create mischief while manipulating the price, quality and availability of products and services by what is a de facto monopoly.

American State Nationals intend to proceed peacefully in according respect and protection to the rights of others who do the same in return; likewise, we intend to engage the mind and spirit of those who trespass upon our sovereign status and our standing as people. We consider this a noble undertaking.

As such, there shall be no wanton discrimination, persecution, or violence toward American State Nationals, toward our mission or our business. Accept no substitutes; do not be dissuaded by interloping agitators disguised as American State Nationals who display red thumb prints* on their signature lines; if their language is coarse, unreasonable, and disrespectful then they are only agent provocateurs intent upon giving us a bad name, fomenting distrust, and inciting law enforcement against us.

*The reason we use a Red Thumbprint: Nothing is a stronger indication of a man’s word than blood; red-ink represents our blood. Our thumbprint is uniquely created and given to us by God and no two are alike. Our red thumbprint is our identification and solemn seal placed upon our signature in concluding our written word. The tradition of sealing one’s written word goes back hundreds of years.

Our self-governing authority is founded upon the letter and spirit of the Declaration of Independence and the Common Law of England as first adopted within the Charters of the original Thirteen Colonies, of which Maryland is one. These, in turn, find their source in the Ten Commandments and The Holy Bible and this, in plain language, is the fabric of American law upon which we stand, work, play, and rest.

Before proceeding any further, it is important for you to know and understand that we are not your enemy and that you are not ours. The Declaration that created this great Country and the Compacts (Constitutions) that formed the American Government and limited its authority, meant for us to work together to serve and protect the people—not for you to rule over them. The people cannot be judged nor be ruled over by their creation.  As man cannot assume control over God Almighty, those who wish to lord over the people misconstrue the essence of sovereignty.  True Americans, by their nature, do not seek to overturn this natural order of things. Thus, be mindful that your authority is derived from the people; it is not assumed or created by you. This has been clear ever since the three Compacts were established and agreed to by the Principals:  in 1787 by the Federal Government dba the States of America (a Republic, which has been missing); in 1789 by the Territorial Government dba the United States of America (a Democracy); and in 1790 by the Municipal Government dba the United States (a Plenary Oligarchy). [1] (Also see, the appended flowchart.)

Travel Notice

The Codes of the Federal Corporate State of Maryland jurisdiction have made it impossible for us to record our Documents, Notices and other records, so we’ve had to resort to using other State of State Recording Districts under Article IV, Section 1, Clause 1 of the Constitutions We the People hold with your ultimate Principals.

To overcome this deliberate inconvenience, earlier this year we formed a permanent International Land Recording Office for our Notices of Political Status and other documents relating to our land and private property. The Maryland Assembly is the lawful issuing authority for Maryland State on the land and soil jurisdiction. These new International Land Recording Offices will be held under the authority and jurisdiction of The United States of America, our unincorporated Federation of States of the Union.

Each American State National on Maryland soil will be carrying a State Credential Card issued under the authority of The Maryland Assembly. These cards are valid for all travel and identification purposes. They contain a PDF417 Bar Code (an International ID and Travel Card standard) that can be scanned by County Sheriffs and other law enforcement officers. This will give them access to our International Land Recording Office system where they will be able to confirm our status, standing and jurisdiction

These cards will also enable all members of the military and foreign court administrators to recognize American civilians and their private property at a glance, so that they can easily avoid trespassing upon us and making inappropriate presumptions about our political status, including assumptions about our rights and about any obligation or lack of obligation of juridical persons attached to our Names/NAMES for administrative purposes in a foreign jurisdiction. In short, we maintain, in accordance with decisions of the U.S. Supreme Court, a constitutionally guaranteed right to freely travel upon the public roads, which cannot be converted into a privilege that is then licensed by the state.

There has also been an Indemnity Bond established in each State to protect our property from loss. These have been filed on the private side of the U.S. Treasury. These bonds are not meant to provide third party property damage protection, only first party property loss. We will still carry insurance for third party liability and property damage.

We restate and emphasize again that rights imply responsibilities. In this spirit, American State Nationals claim the right to travel freely upon the public roads without regard to the Federal Corporate State of Maryland licensing and registration provisions as to our private conveyances, which are not involved in commerce. If and when stopped by any law enforcement officials, an ASN Credential Card and Travel Notice will be presented. Please understand that we strive to obey the traffic laws as we would when travelling in any foreign country, e.g., Germany, because we have an obligation to follow their laws as best we can in order to assure the mutual safety and well-being of ourselves and others — this is the common law at its core and it is a directive American State Nationals take very seriously.

Victimless “Crimes”

Under the American common law, there must be a living, breathing individual who is harmed in order for there to be a cause of action for trespass. As a condition precedent to the finding of an unlawful act there must first be a personal injury to another or to another’s property. It is impossible to trespass upon a fiction; in that sense the State cannot be harmed and suffer injury as do flesh-and-blood men, women and children. This is the precise reason that the American State Nationals and Citizens of The Maryland Assembly cannot and will not consider as valid the Federal Corporate State of Maryland codes, statutes, ordinances, rules and regulations, wherein only the State is prosecuting as an injured Plaintiff. The corporatized State is a mere fiction masquerading as a person; such a color-of-law-only entity is impotent to make and enforce its own “legalistic proclamations.” As such, these are not pertinent to nor enforceable against us as long as we are not obviously negligent or otherwise culpable of causing injury to other living persons or to their property. And, if such is the case, the controversy is then settled among the two (or more) living parties and/or as litigating living parties.

There is an excellent treatise on Victimless “Crimes” by an organization called the Thick Red Line. All are encouraged to review the information found at their website: https://thickredline.org/  By doing so all can more  fully and thoroughly understand the brief overview presented in the foregoing paragraph.

Accordingly, the right to travel freely upon the public roads comes under the rubric of victimless “crimes,” as long as no one or no one’s property is injured.  This fallacy of victimless “crime” has recently been an issue for two American State Nationals involved in two separate incidents occurring while traveling. The first is still ongoing:  State v. Eva Marie Gardner, District Court Case No. 5D00414251, Montgomery County Circuit, Rockville (transferred to Circuit Court); and the second has concluded in a guilty verdict, State v. Evan Huggins, CR-21-2141 (Baltimore County Circuit Court).

The Gardner case involved a Virginia State National traveling along I-270 in Montgomery County. She is a U.S. Army veteran who was displaying an American flag and a Go Army sticker. Suddenly she was assaulted by a Middle Eastern-looking man, perhaps inflamed by the items she was displaying, who sought to crash into her (and did so, damaging two areas of her personal conveyance) and this maniac forced her off the road. Ms. Gardner called 911 immediately and stayed in touch throughout the entire assault. About a half-dozen Maryland State Troopers converged at the scene right as the perpetrator managed to pull her over. He emerged from his vehicle and started toward Ms. Gardner. She was carrying a holstered firearm, properly licensed in Virginia. It remained holstered though visible on the front seat as she called out to him, “Stop where you are. I have a gun!” This assailant hollered out to the police that she had threatened him with a gun. Instead of arresting the assailant, they briefly interrogated him and let him go. Instead these “officers of the peace” arrested Ms. Gardner for violating the State of Maryland’s dubious weapons carry law. She was arrested on the scene, her handgun and her disabled old dog were improperly impounded, and she was hauled in and booked under this gun “law.” Later it appeared that the criminal gave the police a false address and he apparently could not be located. Ms. Gardner was improperly detained and arrested, initially charged with a felony as well as misdemeanors. This is an inversion of justice, plain and simple. Her jury trial is scheduled for January 4, 2022.

In the case of Mr. Huggins, another American State National, on Jan. 2, 2021 he was subject to a traffic stop after a Baltimore County police officer noticed that his tags were expired. Mr. Evans rather injudiciously refused to identify himself and, when pressed, gave the name “Mr. GoodSir.” He was only trying not to incriminate himself as the 5th Amendment and the Miranda warning is meant to protect. The officer ultimately arrested the accused and determined that he was driving his brother’s unregistered and uninsured BMW displaying expired tags and that his driver’s license had been suspended due to a failure to attend a driving course. Additionally he faced other charges imposed by the prosecutors’ office including identification fraud and some others. Mr. Huggins was not driving commercially and had not caused any damage or injury. At the traffic stop the suspect claimed to be a “national” and later, to have a copyrighted name that is not subject to use (as in being cited for traffic infractions) without his express permission. All for naught.

Mr. Huggins made a valiant (though less-than-effective) effort to represent himself at a jury trial. American State Nationals do not use B.A.R. attorneys, even those appointed by the State and for good reason: B.A.R. stands for “British Accreditation Registry” (or some say, “Regency”) all such attorneys take an oath as officers of the court who, first and foremost, must protect the State, viz., the System. He did not manage to sway the jury and they found him guilty on all counts except the fraudulent identification charge. The judge considered him a “flight risk” and would not release him on his own recognizance. Instead, he threw Mr. Evans directly into in jail while he awaited sentencing. He ultimately received a sentence of six months in prison, and that is where he currently sits. Again, justice misapplied, which is justice undone.   

The litigation committee of the Maryland Assembly is now working on developing remedies to counter the maltreatment and mishandling of our people. By doing so, we hope to avoid any such future problems encountered on the road and before being erroneously hustled into a foreign jurisdiction courtroom. It is because of such examples of improper handling of American State Nationals that we are making an effort to reach out to law enforcement and in particular all of the sheriffs* in Maryland. We wish for all such personnel to understand who we are and what we stand for. Perhaps with better understanding and closer cooperation we can overcome the types of incidents that these unfortunate cases highlight, as well as avoiding all kinds of victimless “crimes.”

*Sheriffs hold the highest executive authority of all Law Enforcement and Peace Officers within the physical boundaries of a particular County or City. And no one, not the Governor, not the FBI, nor even the U.S. Marshalls can claim jurisdiction in your County without your permission. This is because your authority was conferred upon you by election via the people of your County or City and, of course, by the nature of your position. You were not appointed by a politician or other authority with certain vested interests. Even if you are acting in an incorporated jurisdiction, we ask you to embrace your Public Duty to serve and protect all the people.  And it is incumbent upon you to spread the word, even among those in law enforcement who either overtly or covertly identify as being among the ranks of the Freemason Brotherhood.

Law enforcement must beware of and refrain from being participants in the personage and barratry industry of the fictional State. By instead concentrating on those who inflict real harm upon society, we can truly protect and serve, rather than needlessly hassle people who are harming no one. After all, we seek to honor the law and our liberty, not to get fat on the unbridled greed for money and things that epitomize the conditioned society and the current incarnation of illegitimate corporate government. We hope you see our logic and that law enforcement will join our cause, or at the very least, be accepting of our honorable intentions. 

See if you can wrap your head around this video in order to really grok the lie and prepare yourself accordingly: The Perfect Crime  As Romley Stewart emphasizes here, over and over again, "You can't understand the truth until you understand the lie"—and the simple story of Adam and Eve and the serpent usurper tells this story of how we traded the tree of life for the tree of knowledge (and death). This is but an intro to the grand adventure titled, The Bible, out of which the common law "harkens forth."     


[1] If you study our history you will discover that Benjamin Franklin served as the first Postmaster (sea jurisdiction) for the British Territorial United States, that is, the Office of the Postmaster of the United States of America, as well as being (already) Post Master of The United States of America (land jurisdiction).  Please note that Franklin fulfilled the Biblical prophecy of standing with one foot on the land and one foot in the sea, and our free and fair nation is the only country on Earth where this is possible.

Beware, brother, beware!

Saturday, November 13, 2021

SPiritual Discernment Routes Disinfo


Gobs of info inform us each day. We absorb this info from others. All we have to filter what we gather is our discernment.

Our discernment can cause us to verify a certain piece of info by checking and double checking its sources.

Info is gleaned from others who may or may not be more closely associated to the info by having a personal knowledge of the facts, instead of being only one among many "terminals of hearsay" so-to-speak. But ultimately, our minds sort through info from others, others whom we have come to accept and trust.

To be properly informed, therefore, means to plug-into trustworthy news sources in search of facts.

If your news sources are found on TV (and even radio), then you are getting the “corporate news and infotainment,” which is propaganda, mind control, and indoctrination—almost all of which is fake, phony and false info. It may be only partially true at best but is most assuredly twisted by professional programmers to fit the corporate narrative. TV and radio only misinforms you through lies and misdirection. Its purpose is to make you one with the false body; to make you “of the body,” as was once depicted in a Star Trek drama wherein the whole people of a planet were put under the spell of “Landru” by their former overlords for their “cohesive welfare.” Check it out in this video clip:

You are not of the Body!

If your news sources are found on the internet you are one step removed from TV, depending on which online sources you trust.

There are other info sources of course: personal contacts, books, other popular print media, private newsletters—but in the end you find yourself as a solitary brain in a mind-body that must rely on discernment of info from others to figure out “what’s going on” (to quote that old Marvin Gaye tune) as best you can.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H-kA3UtBj4M&list=PLKLjDq58gFD_cY1K3dqNhzRe8mibgziQZ

Let’s face it, “being informed” about current events that make up our sense of reality about the world around us is highly dependent on our discernment. And the ability to discern goes back to one’s educational foundation, to the learned ability to think clearly, logically, critically. But thought is not the only factor.

Discernment is comprised of intuition, often referred to as one’s “bullshit detector.” This talent is honed through life experience.

Still, info comes from others; discernment only distills what comes into the mind and soul from exterior sources. It’s a kind of otherness internalization process mediated by the living man and woman; there is also an identification thing going on—a resonance of the info input with one’s whole being.

What results is a developing trust in personal contacts or strangers from afar that take on characteristics of friendship.

However, there is also another factor: the unknown.

What about that mountain of what is beyond our knowledge and understanding? What about specialized sources such as are available to only real scientists, mystics, and magicians that are channeled out through organized intelligence agencies? What about unknown technological advances that give an edge to these likely untapped, occult info sources? You are instantly at a disadvantage no matter how well-informed you believe yourself to be.

Instead of a “mountain,” the unknown is more like a “glacier” in the ocean—specifically, that part of the glacier that is submerged from view; an up-side-down mountain removed from the norms of thought and relatively unavailable to one’s discernment. Those (unknown) others with access to this “occluded advantage” have an advantage over us mere info-gatherers, even the best informed among them (epitomized by Whitehead’s merely “well-informed man”).

But do not despair. The innate power of human beings, our soul-access to Spirit, saves the day. Yes, we must develop our spiritual side as much as our intellect and intuition capabilities that simply gather up information and distill it with our discernment.    

We tap into a universal juice of the Holy Spirit through prayer and fasting; we make ourselves worthy antennas of God’s mighty power through faith, piety, humility, ever-striving for purity and worthiness to be real human beings—those truly informed humans who can summon the spiritual strength, vigor and super-sensibility to counter and conquer that which is otherwise hidden from us.

This is nothing short of the meta-info of the ages, available to all who sincerely seek. It is the same info tapped into by all of the great heroes of past ages, from Odysseus and Moses, to George Washington and Andrew Jackson—all those from every culture who have had the faith and courage to slay the dragon, rescue the maiden, and return with the treasure as an avatar. There for the asking and to the Greater Glory of the Almighty God, Creator/Destroyer—God the Father, Son and Holy Ghost.

So discern all info (including this missive), put it into your galvanized pressure-cooker-of-a-mind[1], further process it all through your discernment, and then, through love and faith, seek the sword and armor of God and you will be a rough and ready soldier of Christ Jesus; you’ll be one helluva, ass-kicking mother who is prepared to do battle with those possessed by evil demons led by fallen angels and the unspeakable hate and horror that is their “god.” 

Give this video a listen if you really want to understand and prepare yourself: The Perfect Crime  As Romley Stewart emphasizes here, over and over again, "You can't understand the truth until you understand the lie"—and the simple story of Adam and Eve and the serpent usurper tells this story of how we traded the tree of life for the tree of knowledge (and death).

May you be blessed by God, family, love of country and your fellow man to use what you know to do what you must! It is nothing short of expanding yourself through a discernment of spirits. Abide forever in an unfailing love and faith in the God of the Bible, the true God—God the Father, the God of Yeshuah (Jesus) and Holy Mary Mother of God—whose Holy Spirit lives among us to help and guide us overcome even occult forces that align against His Church.     


Thursday, September 23, 2021

Be an American State National


20 Warnings in George 
Washington’s Farewell Address

 1.     Be vigilant; people will seek to use the government for selfish ends.

2.     Avoid overgrown military establishments; they are hostile to liberty.

3.     Prevent all obstructions to the execution of the laws.

4.     Control bureaucracies; make sure they all work together.

5.     Avoid political parties; they will cause divisive factions and unscrupulous men will use them to undermine the government.

6.     Give allegiance to the Constitution; improve it as necessary.

7.     Do not alter the Constitution lightly, or based on hypothesis; apply the experience applied when it was created.

8.     Be suspicious of administrators; they may serve themselves rather than the people.

9.     Watch for consolidation of power in any department of government.

10.         Preserve existing checks and balances and add more where power needs to be checked.

11.         Religion and morality are essential to create the virtue necessary to preserve the union.

12.         Promote widespread education; democracy requires literate citizens that understand the system of governance and take responsibility for themselves.

13.         Avoid debt; and immediately discharge any debt created by war.

14.         Taxes are unpleasant; government spending should be candidly conducted.

15.         Cultivate peace and justice toward all nations.

16.         Avoid alliances and maintain neutrality among nations.

17.         Avoid dependency; a weak state that allies with a stronger state will become its servant.

18.         Real patriots will resist intrigues, while dupes will surrender to interests.

19.         In trade, give no nation a favored nation status.

20.         Be guided by principles, not interests.

___________________

In his warnings to posterity our American Revolutionary War Hero General and First President, George Washington, certainly laid out the bear traps regarding the potential for abuses by government and military.

These have turned out to be the very jaws of those traps that have snapped closed onto We the People.

Wake up to your true status. You are the master, independent and free, and not a slave to government run amok.

A Maryland National, learned in the Common Law, offers this:

A good place to begin browsing for an introduction to the Common Law is this site: 
http://constitution.org/law/
 

Notice that “The Law” by Frederic Bastiat is there, in addition to other practical references.

 

Realize that WE do not live at the Constitution. Rather, the Constitution is a Common Law Trust Contract that describes the government created. It consists of an Executor, who is the President, Trustees who are all government employees, and Beneficiaries of the Trust who are WE the People. Feel free to correct anyone who says he or she has “Constitutional Rights,” and the like. 

 

Incidentally, since “WE" created the Constitution OVER the government, it follows that all attempts of the government to subjugate us are Null and Void. The government can NOT “mandate” us to take “medicines” any more than it can force people into the military under “Emergency Powers.” (Blackstone himself confirms this.) WE have Supreme Jurisdiction over the Constitution, and any action taken under it. We are the final arbiters over the Law of this Land; the Supreme Court is the government’s court. Only governmental entities and the corporations it has created are affected.

 

For the Common Law, the Bible is the source book. Referring to “US Code”, or “Code of Federal Regulations” [Civil Law] will be unnecessary and foreign, except if needed to show congruence in certain circumstances. Old English Statutes, such as the “Statute of Frauds”, or “Statute of Contracts” are still timely, and settled.  Here is a Biblical point showing the controversy-settling essence of the Common Law:  

https://www.blueletterbible.org/kjv/mat/18/15-17/s_947015 This is a handy on-line Bible link.

 

As you learn the Common Law, you will see as Brent Allan Winters says in his book, “The Excellence of the Common Law”, that Common Law seeks to find the Law applicable to the situation for remedy, whereas Civil Law tends to establish non-compliance to Statute Code, and applicable punishment.  https://commonlawyer.com/?page=books 

 

Here is Blackstone.  https://avalon.law.yale.edu/subject_menus/blackstone.asp  His work is indispensable, but better to own (4 volumes from 1765). I have seen subsequent editions that attempt to update; if LAW is unchanging, then why rewrite?  This will get you started…

 

If you use the initial sources above and Common Law is new to you, then expect to take about 100 reading hours before it comes together for you.

American jurisprudence was founded upon the Common Law. Yet after the 1860s it began to be squeezed out. By the 1930s the Common Law was overcome by the national security state and the many “federal programs” inaugurated by Franklin Delano Roosevelt to combat a Depression concocted by the central bankers. With the 1950s the Uniform Commercial Code began its national onslaught as state-after-state adopted it into their codes.

To get a feel for the oceanic change between the Common Law and the Civil (Corporate) version, consider how juries were mangled and subverted:

At common law:

1. A “jury of one’s peers” actually refers to those within the community who have known the defendant and can attest to his or her character; today, such peers would be routinely rejected to serve as jurors due to their obvious “bias”

2. Juries are empowered to determine questions of law, as well as fact. Today, judges routinely provide “jury instructions” that disallow juries from determining the law (or more precisely, its nature and specific application);

3. Modern court rules of procedure have a provision for a “Directed Verdict,” wherein a judge can overrule a jury’s verdict. This ability of a judge unconstitutionally interferes with the absolute power that is vested in a jury’s power to render verdicts.

To learn more, join a group that studies and lives by the Common Law and its living documents. The National States Assemblies, organized by Anna Marie Reizinger and compatriots (in all 50 states and around the world), provides a ready pathway toward becoming an American State National (or an American State Citizen).

"U.S. citizens" and "residents" of counties beware! Words are important; wittingly or unwittingly they impute jurisdiction (and thus, liberty or subjugation).

Begin your journey and reclaim your sovereignty. Go here to find the coordinator in your state who can help you with appropriate advice and the suitable documents to enable you to expatriate from the corporate behemoth, USA, Inc.: https://tasa.americanstatenationals.org/

A war against your sacred liberty is currently being waged. Fight the good fight, as St. Paul exhorts us to do. Begin by correcting your status and removing yourself from the false, corporate jurisdiction; return by repatriating yourself to the original, constitutional republic: The United States of America

Sunday, August 15, 2021

Faithful Feet Don't Fail Me Now!

No one wanted to go to the beach with me. So it was to be more-or-less two-weeks of bohemian solitude there at Bethany Beach, Delaware. (You know, “Delaware,” The Bumbler-in-Chief’s adopted home state.) My youngest sister has a comfy beach house there and she had offered to let me use it.

Throughout my life, most of my travels have been solitary ventures. So nothing new there. Yet lately there is a sense of doom in the air that's coloring many souls, mine included. Thus, I thought some alone time for soul-searching was quite in order and would, in fact, be therapeutic. 

When the day dawned for me to leave I was packing my car in the wee hours. I had to make one more trip inside the house to fetch the last of my things when I somehow twisted my right foot. It was the weirdest thing. Out of nowhere, this tremendous pain shot up from that foot. It was all I could do to walk. But by putting my weight mostly on the back ball of my right foot I was able to hobble along. Undaunted, and determined to get to sun, sand and surf, I limped into the house, grabbed the last of my stuff, then went back to my car, got in, and drove away. But some background information is in order.

In the preceding months I finally realized a 17-year desire to erect a shed on my property. It was mainly so I could have a place to put my big, dual-blade, walk-behind lawn mower. But, just before I had finished the shed, my lawn mower had broken down. <= Murphy's Law. I tried to fix it but couldn't and had to drop it off at a repair shop.

So, by the time I left for the beach my one-acre lawn was turning into a jungle. As fate would have it, on my way to the beach I stopped to visit at that same sister's farm on Maryland’s Eastern Shore. Wouldn't you know, without my brother-in-law even knowing about my lawn being uncut for over a month he offered me his old lawn mower. Fate intervenes! I was quite thankful and told him I would pick it up on my way back from the beach. (It would fit nicely into the rear of my trusty old '95 Honda Accord station wagon.)

Anyway, I got to the beach and was having a fine time. But at the half-way point I thought, what the heck, I think I'll head back home, pick up my brother-in-law's mower along the way, go mow my lawn, and then come back to the beach. My right foot still bothered me. But, after a week of being immersed in salt water and hot sand, it was improving enough that I thought I could manage this weird task on behalf of my family.

On Sunday t about 7:30 in the morning I arrived back and began mowing my lawn. It took me 4½ hours because the mower was so small and the grass so high. But as I was limping along, finishing the mowing, the mower blade picked up a rock and creamed the hell out of my left foot. At that point I could hardly walk.

Undeterred, I got up the next morning at 3:00 AM, schlumped into my old Honda, and returned to the beach. (I was back in time to limp across the sand for my daily sunrise swim at 5:45 AM.)

But a curious thought began forming in my mind. Because each foot had gotten injured when it did, I wondered whether these mishaps were some sort of message for me to "stay put." The more I dwelt upon this, the more a premonition began forming in my mind that I should cut my vacation short, pack it up, and return home. In fact, I actually decided that that's what I was going to do. But...

After further cogitation I decided to stay. There is something magical about lingering there where land meets the water and the salty air; it’s a place that stimulates body, mind and soul. After all, I rationalized, maybe it was meant as a message for me to "stay put," but to stay put at the beach. I love being at the beach and I'm glad I stayed. 

Perhaps herein lies a moral applicable to the greater soul-searching now going on in the nation and the world as relative chaos and darkness is descending upon us. All is not necessarily gloom and doom; rather, it depends upon how we interpret events. The gut feeling I have is that this world-wide communist takeover attempt in the guise of a "pandemic," while frightening, can very well signal the final death rattle of the old, corrupt world falling away. In its place will rise a new, blessed era spawned by a revolution of soul, a fresh Aquarian consciousness, and a love-crowned world wherein We the People finally welcome Jesus as our King. (And if you don't know what I'm talking about there then go ask Andrew Torba.)

Sunday, August 8, 2021

Faith During Pandemonium

The other day, as I was searching for "vaccination" and "testing" exemptions, I found what I was looking for on a certain church website — The Marcionite Christian Church site, to be exact. It perked some interest. You can find it here.  (Thoughts about this Church, Marcion of Sinope, and their "Very First Bible" theology are welcome...)

It has been sad witnessing almost all Christian churches kowtowing to this Marxist plague masquerading as a pandemic. There is a distinct lack of backbone; no standing up to government mandates and goon squads preventing assemblies of the faithful. Of course given the long slog of infiltration and subversion it shouldn't be surprising. But it's hideous to see when it happens none-the-less. Then there are the attacks on churches, the burnings and defacings  another sign of these sick times wherein nothing is sacred anymore.

The evil-doers are dead-set on destroying Christianity, not just because of the values it harbors. They want people to laugh at the existence of Satan and demons as if they can't and don't exist. But evil entities exist just as surely as God and angelic entities exist. Kill belief in both and irrationality reigns; injustice runs rampant; society dies on the vine.

Witnessing the vagaries of our current, global Communist revolution is knocking sense into people and reawakening their spiritual sensibility. And so I think we can note a very real trend toward a desire to preserve, protect and defend — to conserve the values inherent in the Good, not to mention the True and the Beautiful; a conservatism of what is time-tested, real, authentic — and to accept no substitutes (to include "AI/transhumanism"). This means a wholesale rejection of those who would sell out their home land (even their own bodies), betray the public trust, lie, cheat, steal and act out of a hideous self-interest instead of mindful "Christian virtue." In this respect the nobility of Novalis' statement becomes ever clearer: "There is no religion that is not Christianity."

As to whether or not we'll see a "reverse reformation" — we're definitely in for some big changes. The revolution of consciousness is also a revolution of Spirit, of soul, of love; it's being waged from the nano-level to the kosmos with the complicating, in-between factor of AI-enhanced super-computing and the obliteration of our ability to have surety on our grasp of what is real. That is, with reality busted wide open: with the conspirators' lies and deceptions revealed and the counter-conspirators (controlled and otherwise) counter-poised, We the People are caught between a rock and a hard place. Thus it is that we have only our Faith to guide us. 

Oh, by the way, during my online sleuthing I also found the following Catholic exemption-from-vaccination letter:

--------------------------

Date:  

 

From:

     

 

To ______,

 

In that I am a member of the Catholic Church ------------, I am exercising my right to receive a religious exemption for vaccination.  First and foremost, the vaccines I oppose include the current COVID-19 mRNA vaccines and the Jansen vaccine which are produced with aborted fetal cell lines.

 

The Johnson & Johnson vaccine, the Jansen vaccine, uses retinal cells from a fetus that was aborted in 1985 and treated in a lab since; the Pfizer and Moderna vaccines test the mRNAs on an aborted fetus from 1973.[1]

 

In regard to using such vaccines, the Vatican has instructed the faithful that:

“As regards the diseases against which there are no alternative vaccines which are available and ethically  acceptable,  it is right to abstain from using these vaccines  if it can be done without causing children, and indirectly the population as a whole, to undergo significant risks to their health.”   (Moral Reflections on Vaccines Prepared From Cells Derived From Aborted Human Fetuses, Pontifical Academy for Life, June 2005).

 

Therefore as a faithful Catholic, I cannot according to the Church tenets on conscience which are outlined below, use any product that takes its origin in abortion. The Vatican document I outline below:

 

“They should take recourse, if necessary, to the use of conscientious objection  with regard to the use of vaccines produced by means of cell lines of aborted human fetal origin.”  “Such a duty may lead, as a consequence, to taking recourse to “objection of conscience” when the action recognized as illicit is an act permitted or even encouraged by the laws of the country and poses a threat to human life. The Encyclical Letter Evangelium Vitae underlined this “obligation to oppose” the laws which permit abortion or euthanasia ‘by conscientious objection.’

 

“It is up to the faithful and citizens of upright conscience (fathers of families, doctors, etc.) to oppose, even by making an objection of conscience, the ever more widespread attacks against life and the “culture of death” which underlies them.”  “[T]here is a grave responsibility to use alternative vaccines and to make a conscientious objection with regard to those which have moral problems.”  As regards those who need to use such vaccines for reasons of health, it must be emphasized that, apart from every form of formal cooperation, in general, doctors or parents  who  resort  to the use of these vaccines  for their children, in spite of knowing their origin (voluntary abortion), carry out a form of very remote mediate material cooperation, and thus very mild, in the performance of the original act of abortion, and a mediate material cooperation, with regard to the marketing of cells coming from abortions, and immediate, with regard to the marketing of vaccines produced with such cells.  However, in this situation, the aspect of passive cooperation is that which stands out most. It is up to the faithful and citizens of upright conscience (fathers of families, doctors, etc.) to oppose, even by making an objection of conscience, the ever more widespread attacks against life and the “culture of death” which underlies them. From this point of view, the use of vaccines whose production is connected with procured abortion constitutes at least a mediate remote passive material cooperation to the abortion, and an immediate passive material cooperation with regard to their marketing.” 

 

Further, the Catechism of the Catholic Church which Pope John Paul II declared to be the “sure teaching norm of the Catholic Church” contains the tenets of our faith and our duty to adhere to these teachings regarding the right of conscience objections states:

 

1776    Deep within his conscience man discovers a law which he has not laid upon himself but which he must obey. Its voice, ever calling him to love and to do what is good and to avoid evil, sounds in his heart at the right moment…. For man has in his heart a law inscribed by God…. His conscience is man’s most secret core and his sanctuary. There he is alone with God whose voice echoes in his depths.

1777    Moral conscience, present at the heart of the person, enjoins him at the appropriate moment to do good and to avoid evil. It also judges particular choices, approving those that are good and denouncing those that are evil. It bears witness to the authority of truth in reference to the supreme Good to which the human person is drawn, and it welcomes the commandments. When he listens to his conscience, the prudent man can hear God speaking.

1778    Conscience is a judgment of reason whereby the human person recognizes the moral quality of a concrete act that he is going to perform, is in the process of performing, or has already completed. In all he says and does, man is obliged to follow faithfully what he knows to be just and right. It is by the judgment of his conscience that man perceives and recognizes the prescriptions of the divine law: 

Conscience is a law of the mind; yet [Christians] would not grant that it is nothing more; I mean that it was not a dictate, nor conveyed the notion of responsibility, of duty, of a threat and a promise….   [Conscience] is a messenger of him, who, both in nature and in grace, speaks to us behind a veil, and teaches and rules us by his representatives. Conscience is the aboriginal Vicar of Christ.

1779    It is important for every person to be sufficiently present to himself in order to hear and follow the voice of his conscience. This requirement of interiority is all the more necessary as life often distracts us from any reflection, self-examination or introspection.

Return to your conscience, question it…. Turn inward, brethren, and in everything  you do, see God as your witness.

1806   Prudence is the virtue that disposes practical reason to discern our true good in every circumstance and to choose the right means of achieving it.  Prudence is ‘right reason in action,’ writes St. Thomas Aquinas. It is called auriga virtutum (the charioteer of the virtues); it guides the other virtues by setting rule and measure. It is prudence that immediately guides the judgment of conscience. The prudent man determines and directs his conduct in accordance with this judgment.

We are also taught through the teachings of Papal Encyclicals that conscience is the Divine Law which is inscribed into the heart and soul of man by God.  For example: “The natural law is written and engraved in the soul of each and every man, because it is human reason, ordaining him to do good and forbidding him to sin…But this command of human reason would not have the force of law if it were not the voice and interpreter of a higher reason to which our spirit and freedom must be submitted.” (Leo XIII Libertas Praestantissimum, 597)

“On his part, man perceives and acknowledges the imperatives of the divine law through the mediation of conscience. It is through his conscience that man sees and recognizes the demands of divine law. He is bound to follow this conscience faithfully in all his activity so that he may come to God, who is his last end. Therefore he must not be forced to act contrary to his conscience. Nor must he be prevented from acting according to his conscience, especially in religious matters.  The reason is that the exercise of religion, of its very nature, consists before all else in those internal, voluntary and free acts whereby man sets the course of his life directly toward God. Acts of this kind cannot be commanded or forbidden by any merely human authority.” (Dignitatis Humanae, Pope Paul VI, 1965).

Synod of Bishops’ address to the United Nations October 2, 1979:
“In accordance with their dignity, all human beings, because they are persons, that is, beings endowed with reason and free will and, therefore, bearing a personal responsibility, are both impelled by their nature and bound by a moral obligation to seek the truth, especially religious truth. They are also bound to adhere to the truth once they come to know it and to direct their whole lives in accordance with its demands” (Dignitatis humanae, 2). “The practice of religion by its very nature consists primarily of those voluntary and free internal acts of conscience by which a human being directly sets his course towards God. No merely human power can either command or prohibit acts of this kind”

Pope Paul VI, 1965  Gaudium et Spes:   “For its part, authentic freedom is an exceptional sign of the Divine image within man. For God has willed that man remain “under the control of his own decisions, so that he can seek his Creator spontaneously, and come freely to utter and blissful perfection through loyalty to Him. Hence man’s dignity demands that he act according to a knowing and free choice that is personally motivated and prompted from within, not under blind internal impulse nor by mere external pressure.”  Fourth Lateran Council:

“The Divine Law,” says Cardinal Gousset, “is the supreme rule of actions; our thoughts, desires, words, acts, all that man is, is subject to the domain of the law of God; and this law is the rule of our conduct by means of our conscience. Hence it is never lawful to go against our conscience; as the Fourth Lateran council says, ‘Quidquid fit contra conscientiam, aedificat ad gehennam.'” [“Whatever is done in opposition to conscience is conducive to damnation.”]

 

The Centers for Disease Control, which is responsible for declaring public health emergencies, has not attested to any sort of significant risk to the health of the community at this time that would preclude our right to abstain in accord with this teaching.  According to the Section 564 of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, a lawful application of the terms of a lawful emergency use authorization ("EUA") pursuant includes the right of informed consent and the option to refuse[2].  The FDA’s guidance on the right to informed consent and the option to refuse is highlights the right of informed consent and the option to refuse governing the administration of Emergency authorized “unapproved products.”  https://www.fda.gov/vaccines-blood-biologics/vaccines/emergency-use-authorization-vaccines-explained

 

Therefore as a faithful Catholic, opposed to abortion and raised in the old school catholic ways, I cannot according to the Church tenets on conscience which I outlined use any product that takes its origin in abortion. 

 

In that the use of these vaccines would be both a violation of Catholic doctrine on the duty to adhere to moral conscience and also in contradiction with the instruction of the Vatican, therefore, under the teachings of the Catholic Church to which I follow, am religiously and morally bound, I submit this exemption for vaccination.

 

Sincerely,

 

 

 



[1] Fetal Cell Lines Were Used to Make the Johnson & Johnson COVID Vaccine—Here’s What That Means, 3/4/2021, MSN.com

[2] 21 USCS § 360bbb-3